Stop Measuring Your Life by Someone Else’s Clock

I spend a lot of time writing about things that you ought to do. I share adventures I’ve taken that I think you might enjoy and encourage the choices that make our lives better. After all, my goal, both for myself and for you, dear reader, is to build a life so rich and fulfilling that we no longer crave escape from it.

A life where our bucket list adventures don’t act as brief breaks from monotony, but as extensions of a life we already love.

Seldom do I write about what we shouldn’t do. But as we work toward creating lives worthy of gracing any bucket list, there are habits, beliefs, and quiet mental traps that can drag us down. They don’t announce themselves with flashing lights. They sneak in through our routines, our comparisons, our “shoulds.” And before long, they sap the joy right out of us.

This post kicks off a new mini-series: things to avoid if you want to protect your joy.

The first joy-sucker on our list?
Measuring your life by how it “should” be by now.


The Tyranny of the Timeline

Many of us were handed a script early on.

Go to school.
Get a job.
Meet someone nice.
Get married.
Buy a house.
Have kids.
Work hard.
Retire.
Enjoy your golden years.

It’s tidy, it’s predictable, and for some people, it works. But for many of us, life doesn’t follow that script. We graduate later, or not at all. We change jobs. We move. We fall in and out of love. We skip the house. We skip the kids. Or we find new dreams entirely.

And yet, that little voice in the back of our heads still whispers:
“You should have figured it out by now.”
“You should be married by 30.”
“You should have your dream job by 40.”

As if our lives are meant to unfold like clockwork, all hitting the same milestones at the same time.

And when we don’t? We call ourselves failures.

Not married by 30? Spinster. Might as well get a cat and a cardigan.
Didn’t make partner by 40? A has-been.
Still renting at 50? Must’ve done something wrong.

But let’s pause here. Whose voice is that, really? Society’s? Our parents’? Our own inner critic, parroting what we were taught?

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels.com

The Myth of “Too Late”

The truth is, there’s no such thing as “too late.”

Colonel Sanders didn’t start Kentucky Fried Chicken until he was 62.
Julia Child didn’t write her first cookbook until she was 50.
Stan Lee didn’t create Spider-Man until his 40s.
Milton Hershey failed with multiple candy shops before founding Hershey’s Chocolate.
And sliced bread? It took over a decade to catch on as an idea people actually wanted.

Even Abraham Lincoln, that pillar of perseverance, lost job after job and election after election before becoming one of the greatest presidents in history.

If any of these people had believed the story that they’d “missed their window,” they would’ve stopped before success ever arrived.

And if that seems like ancient history, look around today. Some of the most interesting, creative, and fulfilled people I know are those who stopped trying to follow the timeline and started following their curiosity instead.

They’re going back to school at 45.
They’re switching careers at 50.
They’re learning to paint or surf or start a business long after the world says they should’ve “settled down.”


You’re Not Late. You’re Just on Your Path.

Julius Caesar once lamented, at age 32, that he hadn’t yet achieved what Alexander the Great had by the same age. At the time, Caesar was a minor administrator with little acclaim. He had no idea that his greatest accomplishments were still ahead of him.

We all have those moments, standing before the metaphorical statue of someone else’s success, feeling small by comparison.

But your path isn’t supposed to look like anyone else’s. You’re not on Alexander’s timeline, or your neighbor’s, or your sibling’s. You’re on yours.

Every detour, every pause, every “failure” teaches you something that smooth sailing never could.

Photo by Deva Darshan on Pexels.com

The Cost of “Should”

Spending time lamenting what hasn’t happened yet only keeps us stuck. It traps us in the past, in a cycle of comparison and self-judgment. We get so focused on the shoulds, what we should have done, where we should be, that we miss what’s right in front of us.

It’s like staring at the GPS instead of enjoying the drive. You’ll get to where you’re going, but you’ll have missed all the scenery along the way.

And let’s be honest: nobody builds a bucket list life by following someone else’s map.


Charting a Different Course

Here’s the thing: your “timeline” is just a story. You can rewrite it anytime you want.

Maybe your bucket list includes seeing the Northern Lights, writing a book, starting a garden, or falling in love again. None of those dreams come with an expiration date.

You don’t have to “make it big” to make your life meaningful. Sometimes the best things we build are small, moments of joy, quiet progress, and self-acceptance.

The most extraordinary lives often grow from the most ordinary days, repeated with care and curiosity.

Photo by Mike on Pexels.com

So Let’s Ditch the Clock

Stop measuring yourself by where you should be. Start asking where you want to be—and what small step you can take today to move in that direction.

Because life isn’t a race. It’s not a checklist. It’s a collection of moments that, if we’re lucky, we get to fill with wonder, growth, and connection.

You’re not behind. You’re becoming.

And that, dear reader, is exactly where you’re supposed to be.

Perseverance, Patience, and the Messy Middle

There’s a particular kind of grit that comes with chasing a dream. We love to imagine it looks like early morning coffee, crisp planners, and perfectly color-coded calendars. But more often? It looks like forgetting to do your make up in the morning, an ever growing to do list, and you googling things like “how do small business taxes even work??” at 1:43 a.m.

At least, that’s been my experience.

When I first decided to start my own business, I thought the hard part would be the leap, the “yes” moment of committing. I have a master’s degree in social work, after all. I know how to put in effort, write long papers, and juggle competing deadlines. But what I didn’t know at the time was that starting a business has less to do with your shiny diplomas and more to do with your tolerance for uncertainty.

And spreadsheets. So many spreadsheets.


Photo by cottonbro studio on Pexels.com

The Unexpected Curriculum

Here’s the thing no one told me when I hung out my proverbial shingle: running a business isn’t just doing the work you’re trained for. It’s marketing. It’s budgeting. It’s answering emails without throwing your laptop out the window when you become overwhelmed.

There have been days where I thought, “Maybe I should’ve gone for an MBA instead,” because suddenly I’m learning about SEO, website analytics, and why my carefully written social media post only reached three people (two of which were my mom and my sister).

I didn’t expect to be stretched in so many directions at once. But somewhere along the way, I realized that every spreadsheet conquered, every awkward networking event survived, and every late-night “YouTube crash course in branding” is not just a skill gained; it’s evidence of perseverance.


The Myth of Straight Lines

I’ll be honest: I’m a “goal person.” Always have been. There’s a thrill in setting a finish line and then running toward it with laser focus. But the problem with laser focus is that you miss everything happening around you. The flowers along the path. The unexpected detours. The side quests.

When I started this business, I wanted to sprint. Set it up, succeed immediately, then coast on the satisfaction of a dream realized. But that’s not how growth works.

Instead, it looks more like two steps forward, one step back, and then an unplanned sideways shuffle because some new challenge popped up. It’s messy. It’s nonlinear. And if you only measure yourself against the end goal, you’re going to feel like you’re failing most of the time.


Photo by Bich Tran on Pexels.com

Setbacks ≠ Failure

There’s this dangerous narrative out there that if you’re not crushing your goals 24/7, you’re doing it wrong. I call nonsense.

Setbacks are not failure; they’re part of the process. And boy is it a process!

That day you spent spinning your wheels on a project that went nowhere? You learned something. The week you felt unmotivated and questioned if you were even cut out for this? That’s not wasted time, that’s recovery. Muscles grow in rest, not constant strain.

The truth is, perseverance isn’t about never stumbling. It’s about stumbling, catching your breath, and saying, “Well, that was humbling,” before you get up and try again.


Kindness Along the Way

Here’s where I’ve had to check myself: I’m quick to extend kindness to others, but when it comes to me, I have a default setting of “be harder, push more, no excuses.” That mindset can be useful when you’re grinding out a degree or chasing a deadline, but in long-haul pursuits like building a business? It’s a recipe for burnout. And honestly, as a therapist I need to practice what I preach.

If a friend told me they were exhausted from learning ten new skills at once, would I say, “Well, tough luck, push harder”? No. I’d probably say, “Wow, you’ve already stretched so much. Celebrate that, then rest.”

And maybe I’d hand them a cookie.

So why is it so hard to give ourselves that same gentleness? Maybe because we think perseverance has to look like suffering. But what if true perseverance includes kindness? What if the only way to keep going is to balance the push with the pause?


Photo by Kymco VN on Pexels.com

Embracing the Journey

Here’s what I’ve learned: success isn’t just reaching the goal. Success is in the stretch. In the skills I never thought I’d learn. In the ways I’ve been humbled, refined, and sometimes (begrudgingly) patient.

Don’t get me wrong, I still want the goal. I still picture what it’ll feel like when all the pieces finally fit together. But I’m learning to appreciate the scenery on the way. To actually stop and smell the flowers (sometimes literally, when I escape to my garden after too many hours at my laptop).

Because the truth is, if you’re only happy at the finish line, you’re going to spend most of your life discontent. Goals take time. Growth takes time. And joy doesn’t live exclusively in the future, it’s right here in the messy middle, if we let ourselves see it.


Final Thoughts

So if you’re in the thick of pursuing something big, whether that’s starting a business, chasing a personal dream, or just trying to hold it together during a tough season, here’s what I want you to know:

  • Perseverance isn’t a straight line.
  • Setbacks don’t mean failure.
  • You deserve kindness from yourself, not just from others.
  • The journey itself matters as much as the destination.

If you need to pause, pause. If you need to pivot, pivot. None of it erases your progress. In fact, it’s proof that you’re still in the game.

And if you’re like me, so laser-focused on the goal that you forget the beauty of the in-between, take this as your gentle reminder: stop for a moment. Breathe. Smell the flowers.

The finish line will still be there when you’re ready to run again.

Beyond the Frame: Experiencing Van Gogh in 360°

I’m not sure if you’ve noticed, dear reader, but we’re in the thick of a technological revolution—what with artificial intelligence, immersive media, and smart devices popping up faster than I can finish my morning coffee. With every leap forward, the world reshapes itself: some innovations are delightful, others… decidedly less so.

But before you brace for a philosophical tirade, rest easy. This isn’t about the doom and gloom of progress. Today’s post is about something far more charming, and perhaps a bit science fiction, how technology is transforming the way we experience visual art, and how I got to see that transformation firsthand through the Immersive Van Gogh Experience.

For centuries, visual art has been something we look at, admired behind velvet ropes or under museum lighting. We view a painting, reflect on its symbolism, absorb its mood, and then move on. It’s typically a passive interaction, appreciated but always held at arm’s length.

Now, thanks to clever combinations of projection mapping, music, props, and sometimes even VR goggles, we can step into the world of a painting. These experiences dissolve the frame. The art swirls around us, alive with movement, sound, and color. It invites not just observation, but participation. We’re transported into a world shaped by brushstroke and emotion, where time bends and the impossible feels touchable. If you’re a fan of Star Trek it can feel as though the Holodeck isn’t far behind us – or would it be ahead of us?

Such was my adventure on the outskirts of Philadelphia. I attended the Immersive Van Gogh Exhibit, where his iconic works leapt from flat canvas into full surround. It was a modest production by immersive art standards, but well worth the 50-minute drive. The exhibit unfolded in three rooms, beginning with a respectful introduction to the artist’s life: the genius, the grief, and the legacy.

Vincent Willem van Gogh, the Dutch Post-Impressionist painter, is now recognized as one of the most influential artists in Western history. He created over 2,000 works, 800 of which were oil paintings, many during the final two years of his life. Though immensely talented, he also struggled deeply with mental illness, most likely Bipolar Disorder, experiencing intense periods of depression and mania. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, often neglected his health, and famously cut off part of his left ear after a dispute with a close friend.

I would be remiss if not highlighting the efforts of his sister-in-law. As It’s entirely possible the world would have forgotten him, had it not been for her, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, who championed his work and preserved his letters after his death. Her tireless efforts not only shared his story but helped cement his artistic legacy. Too often we focus on the face and talent of a given operation without appreciating the supporting cast of characters. After all in any endeavor it takes a village to succeed.

While the trope of the “tortured artist” is often romanticized, Van Gogh’s story has opened broader conversations about mental health, creativity, and resilience. Beyond the mythos, his art also sparked interest in unexpected fields, like fluid dynamics. Scientists have observed that Starry Night mirrors real-world mathematical models of turbulence, patterns that weren’t formally understood until decades after Van Gogh painted them. He may not have known the equations, but his brush captured the energy of the cosmos with stunning intuition.

His story gently unfolded as I walked through the exhibit. I heard excerpts from his letters and watched his still-lifes float, twist, and evolve across the walls. One moment, I was standing in his bedroom; the next, sunflowers danced around me, filling the space with golden light. My favorite moment was in the largest room, reclining on a seat and watching Starry Night come to life, accompanied by music that echoed the emotion of each painting. I could’ve stayed there for hours, had my parking meter not rudely reminded me of the outside world.

There was something deeply calming about it all. The way the paintings moved, the soft narration, the glow of color, it felt like being wrapped in a blanket of light and sound. The only thing missing was a hot cup of tea to sip while I drifted through it all.

Eventually, I had to peel myself away from Van Gogh’s swirling skies and rejoin reality. I refilled the meter and met my traveling companion (my mom) in the gift shop to find a souvenir. She chose a beautiful necklace that still earns her compliments. I, ever the practical one, picked up a set of coasters, because if I must collect things, they might as well be useful. Additionally, if I must have things, they may as well be beautiful. A memento with function and a memory with purpose.

While technology certainly has its downsides, I’m genuinely excited to see how it will continue to open new windows into the past, especially when it’s done with care, creativity, and reverence. If we can blend art and innovation without losing the soul of either, I’d say that’s progress worth celebrating.

Finding Your Own Immersive Art Adventure

If your curiosity is piqued and you’re ready to step inside a painting (or at least escape your laundry pile for an afternoon), immersive art exhibits are popping up in cities all over the world. A quick search for “immersive art experience near me” or checking sites like Exhibit Listings, Eventbrite, and even local museum calendars can help you find upcoming shows. Popular exhibitions include Immersive Van Gogh, Monet: The Immersive Experience, and Frida Kahlo: Immersive Biography, among others. Many cities now have dedicated digital art spaces that rotate different artists throughout the year. Social media is also surprisingly helpful, follow local art museums, galleries, and pop-up exhibit pages to stay in the loop. And don’t be afraid to go solo! These exhibits are made to be experienced personally, and sometimes the quietest wanderings are the most rewarding.

Completed: 2022

Cost: $24 per person

Miles from home: 75 miles

If you enjoyed this tale, there are many others which can be found on my Bucket List and Reverse Bucket List

Your Bucket List Is a Lie

Before we clutch our pearls at such a title, you must first indulge me in a bit of theatrical storytelling.

There was once a painting known to the art world but given little regard by the general public. Sure, some waxed poetic about it, but the intelligentsia has always been a bit eccentric in its proclamations of greatness. To anyone outside the art world, it was unremarkable. It may have hung in a museum, but no one would have gone out of their way to see it. Like so many other paintings in a gallery, it was forgettable, small, dark, and easy to overlook.

Then it was stolen.

No one knew how. One day, it was just gone. And suddenly, people noticed. For two years, the public speculated wildly. The fever-dream of mystery only grew with every twist. Perhaps absence does make the heart grow fonder, or at least more curious. While the intelligentsia is eccentric, the general public is fickle, like a cat who demands to be let out only to want back in the moment the door shuts.

When the painting was returned, it became a sensation. A must-see. A cultural event. And not just any painting – THE painting.

The painting in question? The Mona Lisa.
The real reason it’s famous? The drama. The theft. The story. The hype.

Without that? It might still be hanging half-forgotten, quietly smirking at a handful of art students instead of hoarding crowds behind velvet ropes.

And that, dear reader, is what your bucket list might be made of: hype.


So many bucket list items are fueled not by intrinsic value, but by the frenzy that surrounds them. Don’t get me wrong, the Mona Lisa is a lovely painting, and Da Vinci was no slouch, but why that painting? Why not another of his works? Why not another artist entirely? Yes, yes, I am sure you’ll tell me all the reasons it’s such a great painting, a master piece of its time, blah, blah, blah., but there’s lots of great paintings you can’t name or even are aware of. The answer lies in marketing. In myth-making. In the way a compelling narrative shapes our desires

Travel magazines dazzle, influencers entice, advertisements whisper, “You must go here.” But what’s really behind that? How many times have you visited a place only to find it…underwhelming? A glorified photo op? Something that looks better on Instagram than it feels in person?

Perception shapes reality. And marketing shapes perception. Don’t believe me? Riddle me this, dear reader why do we consider Jackson Pollock a great artist? The CIA orchestrated the entire Art Movement of Abstract Expressionism’s rise to prominence, engineering hype around the artist Jackson Pollock by buying his paintings and creating a frenzy around the art movement through bought and paid for critics. It was for political reasons and to combat the dangers of Soviet Russia. However, until the CIA engineered the hype, it was mostly ignored and barely considered real art. After all, it looked like a five year old could have painted it.

Nor is the art world, the only place where bought and paid for critics shape our perceptions. There was an rather large controversy in the video game world of creators influencing magazines and reviewers to generate hype around game releases. Those travel influencers filling your feed are often being paid by travel magazines, hotels and even the local department of tourism to promote various locations and experiences.

Signature of Jackson Pollock on Pasiphaë (1943; Metropolitan Museum of Art) Ned Hartley – Own work

Let’s be clear: I’m not criticizing your personal travel goals. I’m encouraging you to interrogate them.

Are your bucket list items there because you want to experience them, or because someone told you they’re “must-see”? Would another location fulfill the same desire, perhaps with less hype and fewer crowds?

For instance: Why London? What do you actually want to see there? Do you even know the history behind the city’s major attractions? Could a neighboring town offer the same experience without the same price tag?

Yes, Stonehenge is cool. But have you heard of the Calanais Standing Stones in Scotland? Same vibe. Fewer tour buses. Also, older.

We should be asking ourselves:

  • Do I understand why this place matters?
  • Does it resonate with me personally?

I, for example, will probably never visit the Great Wall of China. It’s a feat of engineering, sure. But so was ancient Rome. And frankly, the Wall didn’t even fulfill its intended purpose, more a monument to hubris than a functional defense system. And trust, me there are plenty of monuments to hubris. There are other ancient walls, built with equal ingenuity, that never make the “Top 10 Things to See Before You Die” lists. Just because it’s the biggest, doesn’t mean it’s the best or even the most impressive.


Take Napa Valley, for example, America’s answer to French wine country. It became famous after a 1976 wine tasting in which Napa wines beat out French ones and cementing its place in the wine world as one of the premier wine regions. But wine tasting is…flawed. Studies show judges rate wines inconsistently. Presentation plays an outsized role. In one study, the same wine earned wildly different scores when served in different bottles.

So why is Napa “the place” and not, say, the Finger Lakes or Walla Walla? Marketing. Perception. Hype. South-central Pennsylvania has lots of wineries that produce lots of delicious wines.

If we let others dictate what’s “best,” we surrender our own preferences to their story. But if we challenge that narrative, we open the door to a world of options.

Maybe that famed “must-see” destination isn’t any better than the quieter, lesser-known place next door. And that’s great news for the budget-conscious among us. It means you can experience something wonderful without the tourist trap markup, and maybe even get a more authentic experience while you’re at it.


Vineyard Napa Valley, California by Carol M Highsmith is licensed under CC-CC0 1.0

More importantly, it means you’re not missing out.

So many bucket list items are inaccessible to people with normal jobs and normal paychecks. That doesn’t make your life less fulfilling. It just means your version of “extraordinary” isn’t dictated by a Top 10 list.

Why the Panama Canal and not the Welland Canal in Canada? They use the same technology. One just has better PR. Okay, yes, there are certain historical contexts which does make the Panama extremely significant, perhaps more so than Welland Canal. But could you honestly, tell me what those are without looking them up? I didn’t think so. Would you have done that research before booking your trip to Panama? Probably not.

If you told your friend you went to Welland, they might look at you funny. But unless they’re an engineering nerd (in which case, they’d love it), they probably can’t explain why Panama is “better.” They’re just repeating what they’ve heard.


To help you separate real desires from borrowed hype, ask yourself:

  • What is the historical or cultural significance of this place or experience?
  • Do I genuinely care about that significance?
  • Are there other options that fulfill the same interest or vibe?
  • If it’s “the best,” who decided that—and how subjective is that claim?
  • Is it overrun with tourists to the point of losing what made it special?
  • Are there similar or adjacent experiences nearby that are less crowded, more affordable, or more authentic?
  • Am I excited for this because it aligns with my values and interests, or because I saw an influencer do it?

Once you start asking these questions, you may find your list isn’t a map of your soul’s desires—but a collage of other people’s priorities.

The good news? You can scrap that list and make your own.

Because the best journeys aren’t built on hype, they’re built on what matters to you.

A Small Announcement (and a Big Dream)

Hello, dear reader, just a quick update and a bit of exciting news.

I’m in the process of pursuing a really BIG bucket list goal: opening my own therapy practice. After years of studying through college, then grad school, working under the supervision of seasoned professionals, and passing not one but two licensing exams (first as a Licensed Social Worker, then as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, yes we have to take two different tests one for each level), I’m finally able to practice independently.

I’ve officially launched my website, joined a few corners of social media to market myself, and, perhaps most exciting of all, I’ve welcomed my first client. It’s a huge milestone… but as you can probably guess, one client doesn’t quite pay the bills.

I’m still working full-time as a therapist for another organization while devoting most of my spare time to building this practice from the ground up. Which brings me to the main point of this announcement: I’ll be adjusting my blog posting schedule.

Instead of posting twice a week (Tuesdays and Fridays), I’ll now be sharing new content once a week, on Wednesdays. I’ll continue alternating between posts about local adventures and posts about making everyday life more intentional, joyful, and sustainable.

This decision wasn’t made lightly, but it’s in line with something I talk about often here: the power of choice. Saying yes to one thing often means saying no to something else, and right now, I’m choosing to prioritize building my small business.

Once I’m able to transition out of my full-time job and run my practice full-time, I fully intend to circle back and grow this blog and community even more. I still believe in everything this space stands for:


✦ That you don’t need to spend a fortune or cross an ocean to live a life filled with wonder.
✦ That adventure can be found right where you are.
✦ That a meaningful life is built, not bought.

So this isn’t goodbye. Just a bit of a slowdown.

I hope to report back in a few months with stories from this new adventure, lessons learned, challenges conquered, and one more dream crossed off the list.

Thanks, as always, for being here.

Sole-Full Sips: The Joy of Grape Stomping

If a bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world, then a barrel of freshly picked grapes awaiting their fate must contain all the mysteries of the ancients. Wine making has been a centuries-old tradition, originating over 8,000 years ago when the transformation of juice to wine was thought to be a divine mystery. Though the modern era has brought stainless steel presses and fermentation machines, it may have lost some of its ancient wisdom and mystery, rendering the process more mundane. Perhaps that’s why there’s such allure in the old ways, hand-picked grapes tossed into wooden barrels, squished by stomping feet, then carefully aged in wood to absorb its complex flavors over time.

The crushing releases the grape’s juice, allowing it to mix with the skins to absorb flavor, color, and tannins. Depending on the type of wine desired, the presence of stems or skins may be either vital or avoided. After the initial crushing, yeast is added; the juice is fermented, pressed, and finally aged. While details may vary, the process has remained largely unchanged for centuries.

Many were first introduced to grape stomping through the infamous I Love Lucy episode. For me, it was A Walk in the Clouds, the laughter, singing, and juice-splashing celebration enchanted me. It transformed wine into a celebration of life and love. Hollywood may have romanticized it, but wine itself is inherently romantic, so I can be forgiven my idealized vision of the process.

Determined to check off this long-standing bucket list item, I began searching for grape stomping opportunities. While I was certain a plane ticket to Portugal wouldn’t be necessary, I was surprised to discover just how few vineyards in my state actually offered it. Some festivals held stomping competitions, but alas, I lacked a team. And most options were three to four hours away, not exactly convenient for a quick outing. Perhaps, if I could make a weekend of it, but I was loathe to do an overnight.

Undeterred, I expanded my search. That’s how I found Four Sisters Winery, just across the Pennsylvania/New Jersey border, only two hours away. They offered barefoot grape stomping, wine tasting, and dinner. When I floated the idea to my sister, she declined, apparently, squishy, slimly, sticky grapes between the toes was not her idea of a good time. Which, fair. It’s not everyone’s glass of wine.

What is a bucketlister to do when one’s partner in crime is not up for the proposed heist? Would I need to shelve the idea? Remove it from possibility altogether? Fear not, dear reader, I had a backup adventurer: my mother. As fate would have it, she also had grape stomping on her bucket list. And thus, it became a perfect Mother’s Day gift.

We registered for the event on June 21st, a fine way to ring in the summer. With the heatwave beginning, we drove through picturesque farm hills dotted with vineyards, perfect for a potential wine-themed day trip. We used the time to chat and simply enjoy each other’s company.

Four Sisters Winery was tucked among the trees with an unassuming sign and small shop. It belied the expansive four-acre vineyard boasting 19 varieties of grapes and three event spaces. We arrived early and relaxed under an awning listening to live music. The rustic benches and tables added to the atmosphere that they’ve clung to the older ways (although they probably have the modern machinery tucked away).

Once ushered into the event space, we were seated at a table with two other adult children treating their mothers and a pair of friends. It was delightful to make new acquaintances over the course of the evening.

Before the dinner commenced, we were given a short overview of the winery. The Four Sisters has been in operation for over 40 years, having begun by a farmer from Essex in 1984. His main focus was on vegetables but began to produce wine as a secondary revenue stream. It was such a success, the vineyard paid for all four sisters to go to college and obtain both their masters and PhD. However, it meant that none of the sisters were much interested in continuing to manage the vineyard and it was sold to the new owners a few years ago.

We tasted ten wines, ranging from whites to reds, dry to sweet. My preference leaned toward the reds and dry varieties, though a semi-dry called Cayuga stood out. We rated each wine, chatted about pairings, and judged grape varietals like seasoned sommeliers.

Dinner included a raspberry vinaigrette salad, parmesan chicken with pasta and seasonal vegetables, and a brownie for dessert. Dietary restrictions? Accommodated with grace. The vegan dessert of peaches and blueberries looked particularly delicious, a strong case for food envy.

Then came the moment we’d been waiting for: the stomp. Three barrels were prepped for us to take turns. Slipping off my shoes, I stepped in. The sensation was surprising; the grapes rolled like a foot massage, slick and dense underfoot.  They slipped around as I tried to crush them and the barrel became slick underneath me. Grapes are a bit more dense than one may imagine. The stems of the grapes added an extra texture which lightly scraped my feet. I could not help but remember the songs about crushing the grapes as I moved around in the small barrel. It was clumsy, slippery, and joyful. I paused for a photo, then climbed out to let others have their turn.

A rinse station awaited to wash off the sticky grape residue. I grabbed my complimentary wine glass, said my goodbyes, and my mother and I set off, bottles of our favorite wines in hand, winding our way home with laughter and plans for our next adventure.

Most of my escapades happen close to home, but sometimes a short road trip delivers a memory worth bottling. This one was certainly like walking among the clouds.

How can you have a stomping good time?

If you’re lucky, you may live near a winery offering grape stomping events. A quick Google search of local wineries or wine festivals may reveal hidden gems. If it requires a road trip, consider turning it into a full-day or weekend experience.

But for those far from the vines? Bring the stomp to you. Invite friends, fill a barrel with grapes, spin some music, open a few bottles, and get stomping. (Just don’t drink the juice!) When you’re done, convert the barrel into a flower planter or save it for your next party.

Whether we go to the adventure or bring the adventure to us, life tastes better when we take the time to stomp the grapes.


Completed: 2025

Miles from home: 95

Cost: $60 per person

There are many more experiences to explore! Check out my Bucket List and Reverse Bucket List!

Sky Glitter and Cannon Fire: Firework Memories from Home and Abroad

Dear reader, today is the day that my home country celebrates its independence! Our festivities may vary from cookouts to parades to poolside parties to relaxing in the woods, but almost everyone celebrates with fireworks. It’s practically a patriotic requirement. So it seems appropriate to reminisce about some of my favorite firework experiences, both from this time of year and from unexpected corners of the world.

Let’s begin where traditions run deep: the annual Fourth of July celebration at Lititz Springs Park. Nestled in one of America’s oldest and most charming small towns, this celebration is one of the longest-running Independence Day events in the country. The entire town rolls out the proverbial red, white, and blue carpet. There’s a lively parade, complete with waving kids, twirling batons, and the obligatory fire engine sirens. In the park, music drifts through the air, mingling with the scent of funnel cakes, roasted corn, and sunscreen. The spring-fed stream is transformed into a glowing ribbon of light, lined with thousands of floating candles. Wooden swans from the 1950s, elegant, slightly weathered, and endlessly photogenic, glide across the water like time travelers from a more genteel age. And of course, there’s the Queen of Candles pageant, which, in a uniquely Lititz twist, has historically filled the role of prom queen, hence the local high school doesn’t crown one separately. As dusk settles in and fireflies join the fun, the evening culminates in a firework display that lights up the night sky, echoes through the nearby hills and can be seen throughout the surrounding area.

But that’s not the only show in town. Just a few miles away, another local tradition offers a decidedly more dramatic flair, complete with orchestras and cannon fire. Yes, dear reader, you read that correctly: cannon fire. In a neighboring park, an open-air concert features a full symphony performing patriotic and classical pieces. Families sprawl out on blankets, picnics are enjoyed, and toddlers chase bubbles while the sun slowly dips below the treetops. As the orchestra swells into the iconic strains of the 1812 Overture, a real, honest-to-goodness cannon is wheeled out. At the appointed moment, BOOM! The shockwave hits your chest, toddlers jump, and somewhere a dog begins howling in protest. Then of course the second one rings out in time with the music just as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky intended! And then, fireworks! Bright, bursting blooms cascading overhead in a breathtaking finale that leaves your ears ringing and your soul strangely soothed.

Not all firework memories come with stars and stripes. In the summer of 2009, I found myself studying abroad in Marburg, Germany. As July 4th approached, I was surprised by a small, sentimental wave of homesickness. Normally, I wasn’t one for the massive crowds that accompany large celebrations (after all, humanity is best enjoyed in moderation), but the quiet sense of cultural ritual was something I missed. I was preparing myself for a solo evening of wistful nostalgia, perhaps consoled with chocolate. Instead, I learned that Marburg hosts its own festival around the same time of year. I joined the locals for ice cream by the Lahn River, enjoyed a leisurely boat ride beneath the canopy of summer trees, and danced (awkwardly) to rock music echoing through the cobbled streets. As night fell, fireworks erupted in a brilliant display over the 13th-century Landgrave Castle. Watching colors explode above a medieval fortress while nestled in the Oberstadt (Marburg’s charming old town) felt like stepping into a fairytale. It was a reminder that celebration and beauty know no borders.

And then there are the fireworks that set the global standard: Disney. If America had a national fireworks team, Disney would be it. Their shows are not just displays; they are full-blown productions of light, music, narration, lasers, and occasional pyrotechnic sorcery the likes that only Disney’s mouse are capable of! I’ve had the pleasure of witnessing them both at Epcot and Magic Kingdom. At Epcot, it wasn’t just nostalgia that hit me, but personal pride, my high school marching band once choreographed an entire halftime show to the music of “Reflections of Earth.” Seeing it performed live, as fireworks danced to familiar melodies, was a surreal and deeply satisfying moment, especially since that was the show that landed us 7th at our Championships. At Magic Kingdom, the fireworks soar above Cinderella’s Castle like Tinkerbell’s own personal art project. The crowd gasps, the music swells, and even the most stoic adults find themselves grinning like five-year-olds in awe of the magic.

Fireworks are more than just explosions in the sky. They are shared moments of awe, connection, and celebration, tiny temporary galaxies that remind us, if only for a moment, to look up and be amazed.

So, dear reader, how might you best enjoy your own firework festivities?

I needn’t tell you were to find fireworks as displays abound, especially at this time of year. However, whether you’re lighting your own sparklers in the backyard or attending a grand symphonic spectacular complete with live cannon fire (as one should), a little preparation turns a chaotic scramble into a delightful experience. Here are some practical tips to help you enjoy the show like the seasoned firework connoisseur I know you are (or could be):

1. Stake Out Your Spot Early
Fireworks wait for no one, and neither do the best viewing spots. Arrive at least an hour before dusk if you’re heading to a public park or festival. Bonus points if you bring a blanket and a foldable chair, doubly so if the chair has a cupholder.

2. Embrace the Picnic Mentality
Don’t rely on concession stands unless you love $8 hot dogs and unidentifiable cheese. Pack your own snacks, fruit, cheese, a cheeky beverage (where legal), and something sweet for the grand finale. A thermos of hot cocoa for chilly nights or a chilled lemonade for sweltering ones makes all the difference.

3. Dress for the Elements
Check the weather, then dress for being outside twice as long as you think. Mosquitos? Bring bug spray. Chilly breeze? Bring a wrap. Possibly raining? Ponchos over umbrellas, they’re less stabby in a crowd. Sensible shoes are your friend. You will be walking in the dark, on grass. Heels are for fantasy novels and indoor galas.

4. Think Like a Scout: Be Prepared
Wet wipes, tissues, and a flashlight app will instantly make you the MVP of your group. And for those with sensitive ears (or children in possession of them), ear protection can turn terror into delight.

5. Make It a Whole Evening
Fireworks are the climax, not the whole story. Bring a book, a deck of cards, or engage in the ancient art of people-watching. Let the pre-show ambiance become part of the memory.

6. Be Kind to the Creatures
If you’re a pet parent, please remember that Fido is not a fan of fireworks. Leave him safely at home with a white noise machine and his favorite toy. Fireworks are for humans and ducks that didn’t get the memo to migrate.

7. Take It All In: With Your Eyeballs
I say this with love: put your phone down. Snap one or two photos if you must, then actually watch the show. Fireworks are about the experience, the sound rumbling in your chest, the heat of the crowd, the oohs and aahs, and your iPhone will never do it justice.

In the end, whether you’re watching from a blanket in a quiet town park, a crowded theme park plaza, or your own backyard with sparklers and a playlist of John Philip Sousa, the magic is the same. For a few brief moments, we all look up at the same sky, eyes wide, hearts light, reminded of wonder.

Completed: multiple times in childhood

Cost: Ranges from Free to $164 (Epcot day pass circa 2025)

Miles from home: 0 (hometown) to 4,000 (Marburg, Germany)

Share your own adventures with me on Instagram! Just tag BudgetBucketList!

Remember to check out my other adventures on my Bucket List and Reverse Bucket List

Penn’s Cave & Wildlife Park

A Seneca Chief, O-ko-cho his severn sons and beautiful daughter Nita-nee lived on the shores of Spring Creek. An intrepid French trapper, Malachi Boyer befriended the tribe. One day he caught a glimpse of Nita-nee whom the chief kept hidden away and fell hopelessly in love. Alas, the love was not to be as the tribe would not permit their marriage. Desperate to be together, they ran away. The stars did not favor their love and they were captured by the seven brothers and returned to the chief. For his crimes against the tribe, Malachi was thrown into a yawning cavern filled with water. He swam back and forth seeking escape, but every way was barred by the brothers. Vowing that the sons would not see him perish, he crawled into the inner most recess of the cavern and embraced death. To this death, on the summer nights, one can hear his mournful call from the cave, “Nita-nee, Nita-nee, Nita-nee”. 

Or so the legend of Penn’s Cave goes.

In truth, the dry areas were utilized by the Seneca tribe for centuries for shelter and storage. It is doubtful they used it for any sort of executions. The cave like most was formed over millions of years. Flat-laying rocks were compressed and then the pressure buckled the rocks into folds pushing them upwards and downwards. This caused the formation of the cavern. Then as water seeped in from the ceiling beautiful stalactites and stalagmites formed. 

Penn’s Cave is one of nine show caves in the state of Pennsylvania but it claims the title of being the only all-water cavern in the state, and possibly America. It has been a tourist destination since 1885 when Jesse and Samual Long built their hotel and began to guide visitors to the cave. In 1927, they opened the other side of the cave and added a man-made lake. 

The tour lasts about 45 minutes. Like almost any other show cave tour, tour guides point out rock formations that may or may not resemble the items they are named for. There is also the obligatory cave puns and jokes. They do give some of the geological history of the cave throughout the tour. It features a short light show which also helps to highlight various parts of the cave. 

If the cave does not strike your fancy then perhaps the other offerings of Penn’s Cave may entice your interest such as gemstone panning, a maze and the wild-life tour. The wildlife tour is a 90 minute drive through the 1,600 acre grounds which houses many Native North-America animals such as bison, Texas longhorn cattle, foxes, black bears, elk, whitetail deer, big horn sheep, wild burros, mountain lions, wolves and more. Part of the tour allows you to be up close with the animals while the other parts, understandably, have fencing to keep you and the animals safe. Regardless of whether they could come up to the bus, most of the animals had large natural enclosures with plenty of room to roam around.

I went with my sister who invited me along for an outing with her friends. We went on the boat tour first enjoying hearing about the cave system and groaning at the terrible puns. Although, true confession, the worse a pun is, the funnier I find it, so I thoroughly enjoyed them as they were awful. Naturally, we made sure to snap lots of pictures. We avoided getting a nasty headache when we were required to duck as the boat made its way out to the lake. (So if you are a taller person, be warned.) I always enjoy seeing the natural beauty of the cave formations. Nature’s sculptures have their own mystique few artists can truly capture. Some truly rival the beauty of Europe’s cathedrals in terms of their ethereal formations and captivating lighting. 

After the cave tour, we piled into a bus for the wildlife tour. The highlight of the tour for me was when we were able to get out of the bus to get up close to the cows and other herd animals. The animals were clearly accustomed to friendly tourists and calmly stood nearby for pictures. The wolves were also quite friendly coming up to the fence with an eagerness to see their human friends. The large cats were less interested in their human counterparts, but I still enjoyed seeing them in their enclosures. I think I enjoyed seeing the animals that are not often featured in zoos like the longhorns.   

I also tried my hand at gemstone “panning” which was a decidedly canned experience, but I was there for a lark, so why not? It was fun to see what “prizes” turned up among the gemstones. I did not keep any of the stones I found, preferring to give them away since I had little use for them back home. I wandered the gift shop with my sister and was delighted by the man offerings they had. All in all, a pretty good day for a visit to a cave, learn some geological history, see cute animals, and enjoy some local folklore. 

How can you visit a cave and take in these natural wonders?

There are many show caves throughout the country and each will have its own claim to fame. With over 45,000 caves to choose from, I can almost promise you, dear reader, that someone has transformed a cave near you into an easily accessible tourist attraction. Penn’s Cave is unique in that it is a boat tour rather than your typical walking tour, but there are other caves with boat tours. The states east of the Mississippi tend to boast the most caves in the United States with Tennessee, Missouri (outlier), Alabama, Kentucky, Indiana, Virginia, West Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas, and Pennsylvania topping the list.The US is uniquely situated on top of a sizable amount of limestone that has been easily carved over thousands of years by water giving rise to our numerous caves. This is also why we have so many sinkholes – so it’s not always a good thing to have so much limestone. For most of your caving experiences, I do recommend you bring a sweater or other warm jacket since the majority of these caves are about 50 degrees year round even on the hottest summer days. 

For the extra adventurous, there are caves that you can go spelunking in. However, be warned it can be quite dangerous without proper equipment, preparation and guide to assist you on your first few adventures. It is recommended that you always tell someone when you’re going to explore a cave on your own. It is very easy to get turned around and lost. My strong recommendation is that if you do desire to do this, see if any of the show caves offer caving courses and take them so that you are fully aware of the dangers and how to mitigate them. I cannot stress the dangers of this activity enough. The goal of this blog is for us to have fun and live life to the fullest, not perish alone in the dark. Be safe, dear reader! 

Completed: 

Miles from home:  23

Cost: Cavern + Wildlife Tour $40.50 (cave only $24.50) 

Looking for more inspiration for your Bucket List? Check out mine here and my reverse Bucket List here!

Money Matters: Real-Life Budgeting That Doesn’t Suck the Joy Out of Living (Part 1: Utilities)

I am not, dear reader, a financial expert. I am a social worker by trade, so I certainly am not one to come for advice on lucrative careers. Despite my lauded profession for the good it does society, the electric company has yet to accept the goodwill that I have generated as a form of payment. Nor does the grocery store accept client hugs or testimonials – privacy laws notwithstanding. 

However, as this is the Budget Bucket List, I do feel that it is high time that I address the elephant in the room of budgeting so that we can have the funds to check off our lists. 

The most basic budget is essentially three steps. Track what’s going in, track what’s going out, and set your spending limits and savings goals. Easy peasy. What’s in is probably pretty easy, it’s your job. It’s adorable that all these financial websites talk about other sources of income as if we have multiple revenues, but we’re budget bucket listers. We either have one job or several part-time jobs just to get by. This isn’t 1960s where people could actually build wealth, this is the 2020’s where nearly 60% of people don’t make enough money to be considered middle class anymore.

The what’s going out part is a bit more tricky and this is probably where I have the most difficulty with financial websites because they will often put things under two categories “fixed and variable” and then act like the variables are in your control. Yes, gas is a variable expense but one cannot control the price of gas and at a certain point, the cost of gas is just what it costs me to go to work to earn the money I need to live. The fixed expenses are your housing, car, insurances, etc. Some utilities will be under this, but not all your utilities. The variable expenses are things like food, gas, entertainment and shopping. 

So, how do I cut the costs of my variable expenses, even though at a certain point, you have to spend the money in order to exist and you don’t control the costs of things, especially in this economy. They may not be the most savvy tips in the world and they certainly won’t tell you how to build a stock portfolio, but in the next four posts I will share the things I do to keep the cost of existing down so I can afford the cost of actually living.

Utilities are one of those inescapable expenses—right up there with taxes and “unexpected” car repairs. Whether it’s keeping warm in winter or cool in the middle of a July heatwave, there’s always a baseline cost to existing indoors. While I can’t always control my energy rates, I can control how much energy I use. Here’s how I keep my bills manageable without turning my home into a tundra or a sweat lodge.

Photo by Luca Nardone on Pexels.com

How I Lower My Bills Without Living in the Dark

My home runs on electric heating and while we have the duct work to have central a/c, we have to rely on window units, so I’ve learned to get creative. In winter, I embrace layers, throw blankets, and hot tea. I also make sure to hang thick curtains. In summer, blackout curtains are my best friends—especially since my sun-blasted front windows face south. The bonus? Those same curtains help trap heat during colder months. Windows are, unfortunately a huge source for either gaining heat in the summer or losing heat in the winter.

Another thing, I really recommend for both winter and summer is to weather-proof your home as much as possible. You would be shocked at how much trouble a small draft at your front door can cause. A few years ago, I was able to upgrade my windows and doors which really helped reduce how much I was paying for heating and cooling because it meant I was able to keep the heat out in the summer and the cold out in the winter. The upgrades honestly paid for themselves in terms of energy savings over the course of a year.

Over time, we’ve also made several other changes that have really helped. As older appliances have needed replaced we’ve opted for energy-efficient ones. We also swapped out light bulbs. We turn off and unplug devices when not in use. We ditched the dryer in favor of hanging our clothes. We’re currently making the switch to more natural fabrics meaning we will need to wash our clothes less. All of this to be more sustainable, environmentally friendly and budget friendly.

In my state, we can shop around for electric providers. I always go for a fixed-rate plan at the lowest cost available. This also means that I don’t have to worry about my energy use during the day as variable rates can be effected by “peak times”. If you happen to have a variable rate, make sure you’re looking to see when it’s cheapest to run your appliances and adjust your usage accordingly. My utility company averages my bills over 12 months, which helps with budgeting, even if the number still feels annoyingly high some months. Comfort has its limits, but so does frugality.

Photo by Tatiana u0410zatskaya on Pexels.com

Extra Ways to Save on Utilities

  • Add heavy rugs and draft stoppers to block chilly breezes
  • Set your water heater to 120°F (no one likes scalding showers anyway)
  • Run dishwashers and laundry at night during off-peak hours (if you have a variable rate)
  • Wash clothes in cold water (your clothes will thank you)
  • Use a programmable thermostat.

The last will (hopefully) be my next home upgrade as currently, I have a very old thermostat system where I just turn a dial to turn the heat up or down. This means I am constantly having to turn the heat up and then turn the heat down depending on the weather and when I will be home. I can’t turn it off completely when I’m gone because I have pets, but I do try to turn it off for at least several hours every day during the winter. I am sure that just like my windows this upgrade will pay for itself in energy savings. Don’t be afraid of upfront costs if you know it will save you money over time.

Rest Is Not a Reward

It may seem shocking to people who know me as a bit of a workaholic, but rest isn’t a reward. It’s not something we earn by slogging through long days, hitting every deadline, or checking every box. Rest is a fundamental human need. Still, how often do we hear ourselves or others say, “I’ll rest when I’m done,” or worse, “I can sleep when I’m dead”? An amusing turn of phrase to be sure, but there’s hard truth behind it and that truth often lands us squarely in the doctor’s office or emotionally drained on the bathroom floor.

Rest isn’t a luxury. It’s a lifeline.

This is hardly a new idea. In fact, it’s deeply rooted in the rhythms of life and spirituality. Two of the major monotheistic religions, Judaism and Christianity, place rest at the center of their practice. In both traditions, followers are instructed to rest every seven days, mirroring the divine pattern of creation. Jesus himself reminds us: “The Sabbath was made for man.” That is, we were created to rest. It is not merely permissible; it is essential.

Nature mirrors this cycle. Soil that lies fallow becomes fertile. Trees drop their leaves to rest in winter. Crops rotate and fields pause. So why do we, of all living things, believe that perpetual output makes us better?

Ironically, research shows the opposite: productivity increases when we work less, not more. Countries with shorter workweeks and more frequent breaks often report higher productivity, not lower. It’s not about working harder; it’s about working smarter and that includes knowing when to stop.

Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

There was a video circulating online of two people racing to move bottles into a box. The first ran the length of the line, starting from the farthest bottle and working toward the closest. The second began with the closest bottles, exerting more effort up front. Though they both moved the same number of bottles, the first person conserved energy, maintained a steadier pace, and completed the task with less fatigue. The lesson? We aren’t machines. Even in short bursts, poor pacing exhausts us. Conserving energy through rest lets us go further.

Beyond productivity, rest is a matter of health. Chronic stress has been shown to reduce cognitive performance, compromise immune function, and even shrink parts of the brain related to memory and decision-making. One study found that high stress can drop your IQ by as much as 20 points in the moment. That’s not just inconvenient; it’s dangerous. When we’re running on fumes, we’re more likely to make poor decisions, lash out, or withdraw.

Here’s where things get even more interesting: when we rest, we’re not just recovering. We’re improving. Creativity increases. Problem-solving sharpens. Emotional regulation steadies. We return to ourselves.

I used to think I couldn’t rest until everything on my list was done. Laundry needed folding, emails needed replies, the garden needed weeding. There was always something. I would sit down, tea in hand, only to jump back up at the sight of a dusty shelf or an unchecked item on my to-do list. I felt guilty for resting. It felt lazy. But I’ve come to understand that rest itself is a task, one just as essential as any errand. If I only ever rested when the work was done, I’d never rest at all.

Photo by Nataliya Vaitkevich on Pexels.com

Now, I protect my rest. I schedule it, defend it, honor it. Just like I wouldn’t skip meals, I won’t skip rest. And something beautiful has happened: I’m more present. More focused. More me.

Practical Ways to Prioritize Rest

  • Schedule it. Treat rest like an appointment. Block it off.
  • Start small. Try a “mini-Sabbath”: 30 minutes of screen-free silence, a guilt-free nap, or a short walk with no destination.
  • Name your rest. Know what makes you feel restored—books, baths, hikes, baking, journaling, music.
  • Watch the guilt. If you feel it creeping in, treat it as a signal—not to push harder, but to ask yourself why rest feels wrong.

Other cultures have long understood this need. In Spain, the siesta remains a valued (if shrinking) tradition. In Japan, the concept of forest bathing walking quietly in the woods is seen as medicine. Scandinavians practice hygge, a cozy kind of restful living that celebrates softness and slowness. These aren’t lazy practices, they’re wise.

Rest also helps us manage crisis. When I’m in a high-stress period, family illness, professional setbacks, emotional upheaval, I know now that my first move isn’t to power through. It’s to pause. Even five minutes of stillness can reset my thinking, stop a spiral, and allow my rational brain to return. Otherwise, I’m just making tired decisions on a tired brain that will create more problems down the line.

Let me be clear: sometimes we do need to push through. Emergencies happen. Sacrifice is real. But those should be the exception, not the norm. If we consistently ignore our bodies and brains when they beg for rest, we won’t just burn out; we’ll break down.

We live in a culture that worships hustle and labels exhaustion as noble. It tells us to chase productivity like a prize. We see rest as a reward to be earned something we get only when everything else is perfect. But life doesn’t work that way. There’s always another errand. Another inbox. Another obligation.

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels.com

So here’s your permission, if you needed it: you don’t have to finish everything to earn rest. You’re allowed to stop. You’re allowed to care for yourself not because you’ve done enough but because you are enough.

Rest isn’t about checking out. It’s about tuning in. It’s the quiet space where we meet ourselves again.

So kick up your heels, grab a cup of tea, find your favorite corner of the couch, and take the rest of the afternoon off. You’ve got nothing to prove. And everything to gain.


Reflection prompt: When was the last time you rested—not because you earned it, but because you needed it? What changed afterward?